Reflection for SIE2016 Effective Communication

Over the course of this module, I have learnt many valuable and useful skills that I know will help me in the future, be it applying for a job or in my profession. Thinking back to the first few weeks of class, I recall the goals that I have initially set for myself to address my weaknesses in the English language which are grammar, punctuation and sentence structures. When doing the various assignments, I initially struggled as I checked my assignments for any grammar mistakes and errors in sentence structures, I would usually spend hours staring at my work, wondering if I have used the language properly. I personally find the part where we comment on each other’s blog extremely useful and foundation for helping me to get to where I am today. By commenting and receiving comments, I can better sharpen my use of grammar, punctuation and sentence structures. Now I am more confident in my use of language and I make it a point to analyze sentences that I read and think of how they could have been written better. At the end of the day, this is a module I truly enjoy a lot as I get to see myself grow in my use of language with results to speak for it. I feel a sense of accomplishment and am satisfied with what I went through.

One major lesson that I will take away from doing the proposal project as a team is to accept and compliment the various strengths and weaknesses in the group. I came to realize, accept and be grateful for the diversity in my group, each member contributes in his/her own way through the project. Through group interactions, I learned that I am a very reserved person and I tend to keep a lot of things to myself. For example, there was once that a sentence structure was wrong while we were reviewing the report and I did not sound out to my group, instead, I just edited what was wrong on my own. As I pondered over this incident, I realized how not informing my group mates of the changes would leave them in the dark about certain aspects of the project. This is a lack of accountability and being a team player on my part and can hinder team dynamics in communication. Upon this realization, I want to open up and grow in the area of being a team player by being accountable.

In all honesty, I dreaded the idea of presenting for the showcase. The reason was that I hated talking in front of a crowd, I get very nervous. Though the nervousness still has not gone away, I have learned to come to enjoy telling people about what I have found, the simple and pure joy of sharing with others, through the various presentations. I believe that one of my strengths in presentations is the confidence that I have in presenting my idea to others. This confidence is founded on effort put into research and faith in the relevance of what I am presenting. One weakness I noticed in my presentations is that I can sometimes speak too monotonously. As I evaluated, I noticed that I do this subconsciously when I am too engrossed into things. As such, I make a conscious effort to speak slightly slower and allow the joy of sharing knowledge overflow through the tones I use.

Annotated summary

Doungoud, M. (2018). Mycelium Infrastructures for Impermanent Futures. Retrieved from https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/41701

This article discusses the environmental impacts of non-renewable resources used for the construction of buildings and the proposed solution for it, mycelium bricks. The article talks about how people are making the effort to build houses out of wood, the focus of the article is the real-life application examples of mycelium bricks in use done by other countries. 

In the article, three building constructs were mentioned, a tiny house, a myco-tree and an art exhibition titled “Hi-Fy” project. These examples are only the beginning for future experiments. The article also mentions that the mycelium brick is grown in a special way, allowing the producer to control the physical properties of the brick. The article provides facts backed up by research about the mycelium brick’s durability, stability and weather proofing abilities. The article lists out the intention of further research into experimenting with different substrate mixtures to produce a variety of bricks with varying properties. 

The article highlights the ability for mycelium to remover harmful toxins from soil in their growing process. The article mentions that mycelium production is also in its early stages and not much facilities are allocated for it to produce and conduct research. The article notes that there is an increase in popularity of sustainable bricks for the future and mycelium is bright with promises of almost replacing conventional bricks entirely. 

With the existing research done on mycelium bricks, our team can use it to further our understanding on mycelium bricks, their advantages and disadvantages. The research information, background and projected future for mycelium bricks can also help us better convince our stakeholders to authorize the use of mycelium bricks in all newly constructed buildings in Singapore.

Technical Report #Draft 3

1. Background

This report responds to a call for proposal to recommend an engineering solution to a specific problem in the built environment sector.

Cement is inarguably the most used and crucial construction resource since civilizations came into existence. Over the years, especially in recent decades, buildings are becoming bigger and taller. In the year 1998, the Petronas twin towers, the two tallest buildings at that time stood at 452m (Kazmierchak and Gramsbergen, 2005). Today, the tallest building in the world, the Burj Khalifa which stands at 828m, uses 330,000m3 of concrete(Burj Khalifa, n.d.). Rodger (2018) states that most of our concrete in the world is being used to construct buildings and that the main ingredient of concrete is cement, whose production contributes to 8% of the world’s carbon emissions, which is equivalent to 2.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.

In addition, the process of producing bricks in kilns not only releases carbon into our atmosphere but also large amounts of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and black carbon into the atmosphere. (Climate and Clean Air , n.d.). These effects are not easily reversed and will accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere much to the suffering of future generations.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mentioned in their special report that it is essential to maintain global temperature within 1.5 degree celsius. A one-degree increment of global temperature can result in a drastic increase of the atmospheric temperature. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) statistics, the global temperature in September 2009 was 0.62 degree celsius. Currently, the global temperature is at 0.95 degree celsius, an increment of 0.33 degree celsius. With this constant rate of increment, it will definitely affect people around the world, including Singapore.

Singapore generated 52.5 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2017 which contributed 0.11% of global carbon emissions, that equates to 8,000 tonnes of CO2 per capita in that year (Tan, 2019). According to Dr Muhammad Eeqmal Hassim, senior research scientist with the MSS Centre for Climate Research Singapore, the constant rise of carbon emissions around the world will lead to an increase of Singapore’s to 40 degrees celsius by 2045 (Low, 2019). Therefore, it is necessary for Singapore to reduce the amount of carbon emission.

The rising of carbon emissions from production of conventional bricks have led Bricknology to source out sustainable alternatives for brick production. Bricknology has identified mycelium brick as an alternative brick to replace conventional bricks. Mycelium brick is an environmentally friendly brick which does not require coal for its production as it is created through organic components and fungus. It is praised for its super strength, ability to withstand harsh conditions, low cost, health benefits and its eco-friendliness. In New York City, an architecture firm called “The Living” created a 40 feet tower, “Hi-Fy Tower” with mycelium bricks in 2014. David Benjamin, principal architect of The Living stated that on top of being cheaper to produce, mycelium bricks requires minimal energy for growth, in fact, it decomposes waste to grow and does not produce any waste itself; this in itself is a revolutionary technique for producing building materials (Brownstone, 2014).

The use of mycelium bricks in construction is still in its infancy stage and based on existing research, mycelium bricks shows very promising potential in sustainability and mid tier construction projects. Bricknology wishes to implement the use of mycelium bricks in the upcoming Build-to-Order (BTO) flat at Sembawang area as a pilot programme. The team have selected Sembawang as there will be more public housing in the northern region of Singapore around existing and upcoming mass rapid transport(MRT) stations, including the newly opened canberra MRT.

1.1 Current practices for public housing in Sembawang area

The team had observed that the bricks used to build the internal structure of the house in Sembawang were made up of in-situ reinforced concrete walls, precast concrete walls and masonry walls. In-situ reinforced concrete walls and mansory are made on site whereas precast concrete wall is made in the factory and assembled on the worksite.

1.2 Problem Statement

Ideally, Building Construction Authority (BCA) should authorise the use of mycelium brick for all future construction. However, BCA is not implementing the use of mycelium bricks despite its potential as a sustainable material for construction.

1.3 Purpose Statement

The purpose of this report is to convince Building & Construction Authority to adopt the idea of using mycelium bricks and initiate a pilot project in the upcoming Build-to-Order (BTO) flat at Sembawang area.


2. Proposed Solution

The team has referenced online research done for sustainable bricks has decided to propose the use of mycelium brick on the upcoming BTO flat at Sembawang area for BCA to consider.

2.1 Use mycelium bricks in place of conventional bricks

The team conducted a site visit to the upcoming BTO public housing in sembawang area. The team was told and observed that bricks used to build internal walls for the houses were mainly by concrete and clay bricks. It was further elaborated by the construction staff that in Singapore, most internal walls in buildings uses concrete or clay bricks because of its ability and cost.

The production of concrete and clay bricks involves burning fossil fuels to heat the bricks to high temperatures which produces a high amount of CO2 as a by-product. It is also noteworthy that the production of concrete and clay bricks produces a ratio of 1 tonne of bricks to about 250kg of CO2 (Rathi, 2017).

To reduce the amount of carbon emission, the team proposes the use of mycelium bricks. Mycelium is an organ belonging to fungi that plays the role of digesting and absorbing nutrients for the fungi. The current technique for growing mycelium bricks incorporates a process of decomposing organic waste materials such as agricultural waste and sawdust, allowing the mycelium to grow in a mould and drying them after to inhibit growth to retain the shape (Bonnefin, 2018).

Although growing mycelium bricks does produce CO2, the production process comes at a sustainable cost of decomposing organic waste. This is a sustainable method of growing the mycelium as the mycelium is recycling essential nutrients from the organic waste (Hebel, Javadian, Saedi, 2019). Furthermore, at the end of a building’s estimated safe habitable lifespan, the building has to be torn down with its bricks. Concrete, the main bulk of what forms a building cannot be recycled, which means that the carbon used to produce these concrete bricks can never be reused. On the contrary, mycelium brick, given the right conditions, is easily biodegradable into soil which recycles the nutrients (Critical Concrete, 2018). In comparison with producing the same number of concrete or clay bricks, mycelium bricks produces less CO2 by a large margin.

With the incorporation of mycelium bricks into the built environment, BCA would be a leader in Singapore’s sustainability, using naturally made bricks that is at the same time, biodegradable after its projected life expectancy.


3. Benefits of Proposed Solutions

The team’s proposed solutions can lead to many benefits for Singapore’s built environment sector.

3.1 Physical Capabilities

Mycelium brick is fifty six times per cubic meter lighter than your typical conventional bricks. Despite it being lighter compared to conventional bricks, mycelium bricks are stronger than conventional bricks in terms of pound-for-pound (Critical concrete, 2018). It is capable to withstand a high amount of compression force. Mycelium bricks can be grown in a controlled environment where the mycelium is grown in such a way so as to produce desired physical capabilities. In one such experiment, the results are a mycelium brick that is 200,000 times more ductile than steel, 10,000 more rigid than brick while still able to support the weight of 50 cars (Abrams, 2014). As proven from architectural structures, it is able to withstand external factors such as wind and rain.

3.2 Fire Resistance

Although mycelium does take a shorter time to ignite in comparison with clay and concrete, the beauty about mycelium bricks is that the moment the outer layer is burnt, a layer of char forms on the surface of the mycelium which actually increases the flame resistance of the entire brick itself (Jones, Bhat, Wang, John & Moinuddin, 2017). This results in the bricks actually being able to last longer in prolonged fires, maintaining its structural integrity long enough so that the building does not collapse under its own weight, leaving room for people to escape.

3.3 Good thermal insulation

Mycelium insulation has way better R-value and EPS R- value as compared to conventional insulation boards. It does not absorb heat as fast as the conventional boards (Critical Concrete, 2018). R-value is a measure of resistance to heat flow through a given thickness of material. The higher it is, the greater the resistance to heat flow. It is also thinner and lighter which makes it easier for construction process.

3.4 Environmentally friendly

Mycelium is 100% biodegradable as it is an organic compound. It does not release any toxic or volatile compounds when biologically broken down. It is a common misconception that since mycelium is an organic compound, it will therefore rot easily overtime. However, this is easily prevented by drying and coating the mycelium brick to protect it from moisture.

3.5 Health

From an article “Production of Mycelium brick”, (Kishan, Rahul, Rohan & Anshul, 2018) stated that the production of conventional bricks releases many toxic pollutants such as carbon monoxide and sulphur oxides. It was further elaborated that such pollutants causes 27% of people to pass on due to cardiovascular related diseases and pneumoconiosis. As mycelium brick uses bio-based materials, it reduces the amount of toxic pollutants being released into the atmosphere. With the decrement of toxic pollutants, it will reduce the chance of people getting diseases. 

3.6 Production

The production of mycelium brick is simple and versatile. Pieces of agricultural waste materials and natural organic materials can be used to make mycelium bricks, thus reducing the use of fossil fuel required when using kiln. The reduction of fossil fuel usage will result in less CO2 emissions. 

3.7 Economical

Mycelium bricks does not rely on conventional factories which uses expensive machines and materials but just a mould and waste material. This reduces overall cost of production by a huge margin. A square foot of mycelia material costs around $50 (Chitnavis,2019). It only requires more human effort to put the materials together but overall it does not cost as much as producing conventional bricks.

4. Limitations of proposed solution

4.1 Production

Mycelium takes time to grow, taking a few days to weeks to be able to use it as a component to make the bricks. External factors such as temperature and moisture affects the rate of growth of the mycelium. Due to the uncertainty in its completion, it affects the marketability as an easily accessible product.

4.2 Long term

Mycelium bricks are still in the early stages in their line of production. As a result, the full capabilities of these bricks have yet to be known. Much of its credibility is theoretical as to how long it is able to last in residential and non residential buildings. It might be the solution to replacing all conventional bricks but because mycelium bricks have only been around for about 5 years, no concrete research is available for these bricks in a 50 year lifespan. No matter how much research and claims from experts that says it will last, it will only remain as projections. The only thing we are able to fully trust is to wait until it reaches its maximum brick lifespan.

4.3 Compromised structural integrity

After the drying phase, the mycelium has to be completely dry to kill off all of the fungus to inhibit its growth. If the drying phase is not done properly, the fungus can still grow which risks the brick rotting and losing its structural integrity. If the structural integrity of the brick is at risk, it may collapse and endanger its occupants.


5. Methods & Procedures

The team came across an article stating that conventional bricks uses mainly concrete and masonry which releases harmful pollutants during the process of burning in the kiln. Therefore, the team decided to research on alternative of bricks which is environmentally friendly and found out about mycelium bricks. This section details the methods used by the team to gather information for the report.

5.1 Primary Research

The team went down to Sembawang public housing estate and conducted interviews with construction staff to find out the type of bricks they were using for construction site. As most of the construction workers were from India, they mentioned that India is a country that produce most of the conventional bricks. As one of the team members used to work as a hotel technician, he was able to observe the type of cement and bricks that they were using.

5.2 Secondary Research

The team did research through articles, government websites and newspapers for relevant information of mycelium bricks.


6. Conclusion

Climate change has been an ongoing issue in the world and urgent actions are needed to prevent it. BCA can take action through piloting the use of mycelium bricks to reduce Singapore’s demand of conventional bricks. With the reduction of demand, the supply of conventional bricks will be reduced thus leading to lesser carbon emissions.

Other than implementing the proposed solution, BCA can also explore other environmentally sustainable alternatives and try it in a pilot programme.

With BCA paving the way through promoting the use of mycelium brick, the private sector will be inspired to follow suit. Collectively, Singapore will be discouraging the use of conventional bricks and thus reducing its contribution to carbon emissions in the world.


Reference:

Abrams,M. (2014, October 22). Construction materials made from ‘shrooms’. The American society of mechanical engineers. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/construction-materials-made-from-shrooms

Critical Concrete. (2019, January). Mycelium cardboard insulation. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://criticalconcrete.com/mycelium-cardboard-insulation/

Consiglio.L(2019, July 11). Eco-conscious construction: Three innovative solutions for sustainable builds. Pbctoday. Retrieved October 23, 2019, from https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/sustainable-builds/59900/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018, October 8). Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C approved by governments. Retrieved September 28, 2019, from https://www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/

National Climate Change Secretary. (n.d). Singapore’s Emission Profile. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profile

Rodgers.L (2018, December 17). Climate change: The massive CO2 emitter you may not know about. BBC News. Retrieved September 28, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46455844

Sustainable Design Collective. (2015). Importance of sustainable architecture and design. Retrieved October 20, 2015, from https://www.sustainabledesigncollective.co.uk/kit-homes/importance-sustainable-architecture-design/

Youjin.L.(2019, August 5). Temperatures in Singapore could hit 40°C as early as 2045: Scientists. Today online. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-could-swelter-through-40degc-days-2045-if-business-usual-emissions

Climate & Clean Air Coalition. Bricks (2019). Retrieved from https://www.ccacoalition.org/ar/node/72

Brownstone.S (2014, October 2). This crazy brick structure is grown from mushrooms and can keep itself cool all summer. Fast Company. Retrieved October 23, 2019, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3026177/this-crazy-brick-structure-is-grown-from-mushrooms-and-can-keep-itself-cool-all-summer

Rathi.A. (2017, December 6). The material that built the modern world is also destroying it. Here’s a fix. Quartz. Retrieved October 23, 2019,from https://qz.com/1123875/the-material-that-built-the-modern-world-is-also-destroying-it-heres-a-fix/

Global climate report-September 2019 (2019). Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201909

Chitnavis.S(2019, January 25). Fungi fantasies: The future is made up of mushrooms. Tech spotlight. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from https://www.science-entrepreneur.com/blog-1/fungi-fantasie

Producing mycelium insulation (2018, October 31). Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://criticalconcrete.com/producing-mycelium-insulation/

Foster.J(2014, February 9). Insulation grown from fungi. Arch daily. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.archdaily.com/473052/insulation-grown-from-funghi

Dikarya (2014, November 14). A mushroom material project. Retrieved September 28, 2019, from https://www.slideshare.net/funk97/ecovative-mushroom-material

Technical report #Draft 2

Background

This report responds to a call for proposal to recommend an engineering solution to a specific problem in the built environment sector.

Cement is inarguably the most used and crucial construction resource since civilizations came into existence and more buildings that are bigger and taller will inevitably be constructed in the future. Rodger (2018) states that most of our concrete in the world is being used to construct buildings and that the main ingredient of concrete is cement, whose production contributes to 8% of the world’s carbon emissions, which is equivalent to 2.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.

According to Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), the process of producing bricks in kilns releases large amounts of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and black carbon into the atmosphere. These effects are not easily reversed and will accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere much to the suffering of future generations.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mentioned in their special report that it is essential to maintain global temperature within 1.5 degree celsius . A one-degree increment of global temperature can result in a drastic increase of the atmospheric temperature.

Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the global temperature in September 2009 was 0.62 degree celsius. Currently, the global temperature is at 0.95 degree celsius. Despite it being under 1.5 degrees, there was a 0.32 degree increase of global temperature within a decade.

Dr Koh Poh Koon, Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry, mentioned that Singapore generated 52.5 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2017 which contributed 0.11% of global emissions, that equates to 8,000 tonnes of CO2 per capita in that year (Tan, 2019). According to Dr Muhammad Eeqmal Hassim, senior research scientist with the MSS Centre for Climate Research Singapore (as cited from Channel News Asia), with the rise of carbon emission, it will lead to an increase of Singapore’s daily temperature from 35 to 37 degrees celsius (Hassim, 2019).

The most direct way Bricknology can contribute to the reduction of climate change is through convincing BCA to adopt the idea of using mycelium bricks in Yio Chu Kang private housing estate as a pilot programme. By implementing the use of mycelium bricks as a pilot programme in Yio Chu Kang private housing estate, the team hopes that Singapore could set an example to the world that mycelium bricks can help in reducing the overall global greenhouse gas emissions problem.


1.1 Current practices for Yio Chu Kang private housing

The team had observed that the bricks used to build the internal structure of the house in Yio Chu Kang private housing were made up of clay and concrete.

1.2 Problem Statement

Building Construction Authority (BCA) to authorized the use of mycelium brick for all future construction. However, BCA is not implementing the use of mycelium bricks despite its potential.

1.3 Purpose Statement

The purpose of this report is to convince Building & Construction Authority to adopt the idea of using mycelium bricks and initiate a pilot project in Yio Chu Kang private housing estate.


2. Proposed Solution

The team has referenced online research done for sustainable bricks and have decided to propose a solution for BCA to consider:

2.1 Use mycelium bricks in place of conventional bricks

The team conducted interviews with the construction supervisors and workers in Yio Chu Kang private housing during a site visit. The team was told and observed that bricks used in Yio Chu Kang private estate houses to build internal walls were mainly by concrete and clay bricks.

The production of making these bricks involve heating the bricks to high temperatures which produces a high amount of CO2 as a by-product. It is also noteworthy that the production of concrete and clay bricks produces a ratio of 1 tonne of bricks to about 250kg of CO2 (Rathi, 2017).

Mycelium is an organ belonging to fungi that plays the role of digesting and absorbing nutrients for the fungi. The current technique for growing mycelium bricks incorporates a process of decomposition and drying.

Mycelium bricks reduces the carbon emission of producing the same number of concrete or clay bricks by a large margin.


3. Advantages of mycelium bricks

3.1 Good physical capabilities

Mycelium bricks is fifty six times per cubic meter lighter than your typical conventional bricks. It is capable to withstand a high amount of compression force. Mycelium bricks can be grown in a controlled environment where the mycelium is grown in such a way so as to produce desired physical capabilities. In one such experiment, the results are a mycelium brick that is 200,000 times more ductile than steel, 10,000 more rigid than brick while still able to support the weight of 50 cars (Abrams, ???). As proven from architectural structures, it is able to withstand external factors such as wind and rain.

3.2 Fire resistance

Although mycelium does take a shorter time to ignite in comparison with clay and concrete, the beauty about mycelium bricks is that the moment the outer layer is burnt, a layer of char forms on the surface of the mycelium which actually increases the flame resistance of the entire brick itself. This results in the bricks actually being able to last longer in prolonged fires, maintaining its structural integrity long enough so that the building does not collapse under its own weight., leaving room for people to escape.

3.3 Good thermal insulation

Mycelium insulation has way better R-value and EPS R- value as compared to conventional insulation boards.It does not absorb heat as fast as the conventional boards. It is also thinner and lighter which makes it easier for construction process.

3.4 Environmental effects

Mycelium are 100% biodegradable and they can be found in abundance on the planet. It does not release any volatile organic compounds. As it is made up of fungi, people will get the misconception that overtime it will turn rotten and start releasing foul smell and release harmful gases. Thus it will not release any external harmful effects.

3.5 Resources and production

The production of mycelium does not cost much as it uses bio-based materials and is biologically grown. Even pieces of agricultural waste materials and natural bio materials can be used to make mycelium bricks. It does not rely on factories for producing mycelium bricks unlike conventional bricks. Thus hugely reducing the use of artificial energy and the amount of CO2s to produce mycelium.


4. Disadvantages of mycelium bricks

4.1 Weak compressive strength

Mycelium bricks can only withstand 30 psi whereas a concrete block can withstand 4000 psi to 10,000 psi. Mycelium bricks can not support as much weight as compared to a normal concrete block.

4.2 Production

As mycelium takes time to grow, it might take a few days to weeks to be able to use it as a component to make the bricks. External factors such as temperature and moisture might delay the growth of the mycelium.

4.3 Long term

Mycelium bricks are still in the early stages in their line of production. As a result, the full capabilities of these bricks have yet to be known. Much of its credibility is theoretical as to how long it is able to last in residential and non residential buildings. It might be the solution to replacing all conventional bricks but because mycelium bricks have only been around for about 5 years, no concrete research is available for these bricks in a 50 year lifespan. No matter how much research and claims from experts that says it will last, it will only remain as projections. The only thing we are able to fully trust is to wait until it reaches its maximum brick lifespan.

Technical Report (Introduction) Draft #1

Background

This report respond to a call for proposal to recommend an engineering solution to a specific problem in the built environment case of focus. The team decided to convince Building & Construction Authority to adopt the idea of using mycelium bricks and initiate a pilot project in Yio Chu Kang private housing estate.

Cement is inarguably the most used and crucial construction resource since civilizations came into existence and more buildings that are bigger and taller will inevitably be constructed in the future. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) states that most of our concrete in the world is being used to construct buildings and that the main ingredient of concrete is cement, whose production contributes to 8% of the world’s carbon emissions, which is equivalent to 2.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year (BBC, 2018).

According to Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), the process of producing bricks in kilns releases large amounts of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and black carbon into the atmosphere. These effects are not easily reversed and will accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere much to the suffering of future generations.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mentioned in their special report that it is essential to maintain global temperature within 1.5 degree celsius . A one-degree increment of global temperature can result in a drastic increase of the atmospheric temperature.

Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the global temperature in September 2009 was 0.62 degree celsius. Currently, the global temperature is at 0.95 degree celsius. Despite it being under 1.5 degrees, there was a 0.32 degree increase of global temperature within a decade.

Dr Koh Poh Koon, Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry, mentioned that Singapore generated 52.5 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2017 which contributed 0.11% of global emissions, that equates to 8,000 tonnes of CO2 per capita in that year (The Straits Times, 2019). With the rise of carbon emission, it will lead to an increase of Singapore’s daily temperature from 35 to 37 degrees celsius. (Dr Muhammad Eeqmal Hassim, senior research scientist with the MSS Centre for Climate Research Singapore).

The most direct way Bricknology can contribute to the reduction of climate change is through convincing BCA to adopt the idea of using mycelium bricks. One tonne of cement produces 1.2 tonnes of CO2 (BBC, 2018). As mentioned, Singapore contributed 0.11% of global emission hence by implementing the use of mycelium bricks in Singapore, it will help tackle the overall global problem of reducing the production of conventional bricks. Thus reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses.




1.1 Current practices for Yio Chu Kang private housing

The current bricks used to build the internal structure of the house in Yio Chu Kang private housing are made up of clay and concrete. Clay bricks are more commonly used in the construction industry in Singapore.


1.2 Problem Statement

Building Construction Authority (BCA) is not implementing the use of mycelium bricks despite it potential. Bricknology aims to convince BCA to pilot the use of mycelium bricks in Yio Chu Kang private housing estates.


1.3 Purpose Statement

The purpose of this report is to propose to convince BCA to implement the use of mycelium bricks in all newly constructed private houses located at Yio Chu Kang.

Summary_ReaderResponse of Smart Buildings: What 'smart' really means Draft #3

In the article “Smart Buildings: What 'smart' really means”, Lecomte (2019) states that having certification with standardized metrics is fundamental for smart buildings to wholly emerge in the 'built environment'. Lecomte mentions that the lack of unanimity from various stakeholders has delayed the drafting of standardized rubrics. Hence, private and public sectors design their own metrics to assess smart buildings but their rubrics vary from one another. However, current private and public metrics have been unsuccessful in tackling the complicated and expanding aspect that buildings will perform in ‘smart cities’. Lecomte believes that one crucial component to be included in the standardized rubrics would be cyber risk management as cyber threats ‘increase exponentially’ along with more advanced and integrated technology in smart buildings. Lecomte concludes that holistic and reliable 'smart building certifications and rubrics' will be the foundation of a 'functioning market for smart real estate'. However, as stakeholders come together, standardization should not be the main focus at this point of development but rather, the exchange of perspectives, to make room room for creativity and diversity.

Firstly, stakeholders meetings should monopolize the different perspectives from one another to reach relevant solutions for all parties. Lecomte claims that stakeholders come together to standardize the definition of 'smart buildings' and have seen no progression by the lack of mutual agreement. In reality, there already are examples of private and public sectors working together in various 'smart building' projects. Wendorf (2019) states that Amsterdam has over 170 smart city, some including 'smart buildings', projects underway and public, private and residential stakeholders are included in the developments. And as a result of this collaboration, some of Amsterdam's residential buildings are installed with energy meters which rewards people who reduce energy consumption. Though this implementation may not have been on a global or even on a country scale, yet it is reported here that not only private and public sectors but residents also are working together to achieve a 'smart building in a smart city' outcome. This is a prime example of how various stakeholders are coming together to work together on mutual terms to define 'smart buildings'.

Secondly, a diverse interpretation of 'smart buildings' is, at this present moment of time, more effective in meeting and solving the different demands and problems each community faces compared to standardization. Lecomte mentions that 'smart buildings' should promote the productivity and well-being of the community. Though cities have overlapping demands, some are more critical than others. For instance, if a city has a high generation of waste, 'smart building' designs will revolve around waste management. Vasquez (2019) points out that  stakeholders often rely on rigid templates for 'smart buildings' instead of having these designs revolve around the lifestyle and needs of the building's occupants. In this case, 'smart' is how the infrastructure can adapt and meet the needs of the community and their culture. Thus, in view of diverse cultures and backgrounds, 'smart' can hold differing values. Therefore, it is important for designers to have a versatile and strong grip on the various solutions to meet the demands of differing communities.

Lastly, clamping down on standardization leaves lesser room for creativity in experimenting with different technology and their integration with one another. Lecomte predicts that 'smart buildings' will have sophisticated and varied roles in smart cities. Mankind is constantly advancing in technology and in the area of 'smart buildings', new systems are being developed constantly. These new systems need to be constantly tested in applicable environments and diverse standards could actually prove accommodating to tackle specific and diverse issues alike. Viki (2016) states that analysts have traced the root of creativity in teams and individuals and that is due to the presence of multicultural and environmental exposure. With this fact established, a variation of standardization would prove beneficial for 'smart buildings' the long run. New ways of integration and break through in development can be cultivated from teams comprised of people of different culture and environment, enhancing the range of technology integration of 'smart buildings'. These teams will be able to lay a broad ground work to serve as foundations for future development and technological integration.

In conclusion, there are benefits of a more standardized rubrics to facilitate the integration of 'smart buildings' into 'smart cities' and even to beyond that in the future where cities interact with one another. However, while Lecomte's ambition is not in error in the least, the best interest of today's society would be the sufficiency of space required for different perspectives, diversity and creativity to mature, and in reward, ingenuity solutions.

References:


Baumgartner, J. (2010, November 24). Why diversity is the mother of creativity. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/why-diversity-is-the-mother-of-creativity/

Kathleen O’Dell, A. N. (2019, August 28). Inclusive smart cities. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/inclusive-smart-cities.html

Lecomte, P. (2019, January 29). Smart buildings: what 'smart' really means. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/smart-buildings-what-smart-really-means

Viki, T. (2016, December 6). Why diverse teams are more creative. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/tendayiviki/2016/12/06/why-diverse-teams-are-more-creative/#5bb33de77262

Wendorf, M. (2019, July 29). Smart cities initiatives around the world are improving citizens' lives. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://interestingengineering.com/smart-cities-initiatives-around-the-world-are-improving-citizens-lives

Summary_ReaderResponse of Smart Buildings: What 'smart' really means Draft #2

In the article “Smart Buildings: What 'smart' really means”, Lecomte (2019) states that having certification with standardized metrics is fundamental for smart buildings to wholly emerge in the 'built environment'. Lecomte mentions that the lack of unanimity from various stakeholders has delayed the drafting of standardized rubrics. Hence, private and public sectors design their own metrics to assess smart buildings but their rubrics vary from one another. However, current private and public metrics have been unsuccessful in tackling the complicated and expanding aspect that buildings will perform in ‘smart cities’. Lecomte believes that one crucial component to be included in the standardized rubrics would be cyber risk management as cyber threats ‘increase exponentially’ along with more advanced and integrated technology in smart buildings. Lecomte concludes that holistic and reliable 'smart building certifications and rubrics' will be the foundation of a 'functioning market for smart real estate'. However, creativity triumphs over standardization at this point of development as 'smart building' technology is still growing and in places with differing demands of society. Also, examples of stakeholders coming together to define 'smart buildings' already exists.

Firstly, Lecomte's article gives readers the impression that the standardization of 'smart buildings' are chaotic and no sustainable outcome is being achieved. Lecomte (2019) claims that efforts to standardize the definition of 'smart buildings' have been hindered by the lack of mutual agreement among various stakeholders. In reality, there already are mutual agreements between private and public sectors working together in various 'smart building' projects. Wendorf (2019) states that Amsterdam has over 170 smart city, some including 'smart buildings', projects underway and public, private and residential stakeholders are included in the developments. And as a result of this collaboration, some of Amsterdam's residential buildings are installed with energy meters which rewards people who reduce energy consumption. Though this implementation may not have been on a global or even on a country scale, yet it is reported here that not only private and public sectors but residents also are working together to achieve a 'smart building in a smart city' outcome. This is a prime example of how various stakeholders are coming together to work together on mutual terms to define 'smart buildings'.

Secondly, a diverse interpretation and essence of 'smart buildings' for different countries and even cities is, at this present moment of time, critical to meet the differing needs and problems each community faces. Lecomte (2019) mentions that 'smart buildings' should promote the productivity and well-being of the community. Though cities have overlapping demands, some are more critical than others. For instance, if a city has a high generation of waste, 'smart building' designs will revolve around waste management. Likewise if a city has a higher energy consumption rate. Vasquez (2019) points out that  stakeholders often rely on rigid templates for 'smart buildings' instead of having these designs revolve around the lifestyle and needs of the building's occupants. In this case, 'smart' is how the infrastructure can adapt and meet the needs of the community and their culture. Thus, in view of diverse cultures and backgrounds, 'smart' can hold differing values. Therefore, it is important for designers to have a versatile and strong grip on the various solutions to meet the demands of differing communities.

Lastly, clamping down on standardization leaves lesser room for experimentation with different technology and their integration with one another. Lecomte (2019) predicts that 'smart buildings' will have sophisticated and varied roles in smart cities. Mankind is constantly advancing in technology and in the area of 'smart buildings', new systems are being developed constantly. These new systems need to be constantly tested in applicable environments and diverse standards could actually prove accommodating to tackle specific and diverse issues alike. Viki (2016) states that analysts have traced the root of creativity in teams and individuals and that is due to the presence of multicultural and environmental exposure. With this fact established, a variation of standardization would prove beneficial for 'smart buildings' the long run. New ways of integration and break through in development can be cultivated from teams comprised of people of different culture and environment, enhancing the range of technology integration of 'smart buildings'. These teams will be able to lay a broad ground work to serve as foundations for future development and technological integration.

In conclusion, there are benefits of a more standardized rubrics to facilitate the integration of 'smart buildings' into 'smart cities' and even to beyond that in the future where cities interact with one another. However, this would limit potential innovation allowed with a more flexible choice of rubrics to adopt. While Lecomte's ambition is not in error in the least as discussed, the best interest of today's society would be the sufficiency of space required for creativity to mature and in reward, ingenuity solutions. 

References:



- Lecomte. (2019, January 29). Smart Buildings: What 'smart' really means. Retrieved from The Business Times: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/smart-buildings-what-smart-really-means

- Wendorf, M. (2019, July 29). Smart Cities Initiatives around the World Are Improving Citizens' Lives. Retrieved from Interesting Engineering: https://interestingengineering.com/smart-cities-initiatives-around-the-world-are-improving-citizens-lives

- Kathleen O’Dell, A. N. (2019, August 28). Inclusive smart cities. Retrieved from Deloitte Insights: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/inclusive-smart-cities.html

- Baumgartner, J. (2010, November 24). Why Diversity is the Mother of Creativity. Retrieved from Innovation Management: https://innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/why-diversity-is-the-mother-of-creativity/

- Viki, T. (2016, December 6). Why Diverse Teams Are More Creative. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tendayiviki/2016/12/06/why-diverse-teams-are-more-creative/#5bb33de77262